No, they are not bulletproof. The cockpit windows are thick and laminated to avoid shattering due to bird strikes and it needs to be heated. It might stop/slow down a bullet. Cockpit windshields are expensive.
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Yes, some airline pilots do carry guns in the cockpit but carry a gun lawfully they must belong to a special program called the Federal Flight Deck Officers (FFDOs). This program requires special training and pilots who enroll have strict limitations on when they can use the firearm.
Practically, you cannot break down the cockpit door. If you could, you'd have to worry about hijackers doing the same thing. So, to avoid a Germanwings situation you want an airlines whose general policies mirror FAA regulations.
It is multiple layers—it's not like an Oreo cookie with just three layers, it's got many more. Passenger windows are also sturdy with several layers for added protection and they are routinely polished to remove what's called “crazing,” fine web-like lines caused by exposure to the elements and to chemicals, such as ...
Some aircraft damage from lightning strikes includes broken lighting and windows, deformed antenna placements, and onboard electronics malfunctions. Other abnormalities or warnings on the flight deck, such as cabin air pressurization problems or false alarms, can occur after your airplane has been struck by lightning.
The inner pane basically safeguards the load from the passengers during flight. When both the outer and middle panes break, then all the pressurization in the airplane would escape leading to decompression in the passenger cabin. A plane is pressurized for passengers' comfort as it climbs to a higher altitude.
From a practical point, no, a modern airliner will not lose a wing due to turbulence. Modern airlines are very tough and designed to withstand extreme turbulence. In theory, it might be possible. But to my knowledge, it has not happened to any jet airliner.
“From a safety standpoint, open shades help improve situational awareness,” says a rep from the Flight Safety Foundation. “For example, during an emergency evacuation, flight attendants or passengers need to be able to see outside to determine whether it's safe to open and use an emergency exit.
Changes were made to cockpit security in order to make hijackings more difficult. The US Federal Aviation Administration recommends that doors be strong enough to withstand a grenade blast. Also, they are usually left locked for the duration of the flight.