Six pilots have ejected at speeds exceeding 700 knots (1,300 km/h; 810 mph). The highest altitude at which a Martin-Baker seat was deployed was 57,000 ft (17,400 m) (from a Canberra bomber in 1958).
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Ejecting from a plane takes no more than four seconds from the time the ejection handle is pulled. The exact amount of time depends on the seat model and the crewmember's body weight. Pulling the ejection handle on a seat sets off an explosive cartridge in the catapult gun, launching the ejection seat into the air.
The turbulent process of ejecting puts pilots at serious risk of injury. Once those rockets fire under the seat, they blow a person up and out of the cockpit with enough force to seriously bruise both shoulders on the harness straps and possibly break collarbones.
Mach 10 speed has never been achieved by a manned aircraft, though, so it has never been tested. Mach 10 has, however, been achieved by a spacecraft - on November 16, 2004, NASA launched the X-43A, an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle, and was able to reach real Mach 10 while being pushed into the atmosphere.
Full throttle may sometimes be needed for takeoff or a go-around, but not in normal flight. Likewise, one of the few times an automobile may need full throttle is when merging onto a high speed highway with speedier traffic.
A pilot would not get pulled over, of course. But speeding is considered a serious violation of aviation regulations (unless there's an emergency in-flight). Since the ATC is responsible for observing a plane's movement, controllers can issue a pilot deviation if pilots do not follow the control tower's warnings.
Depending on Operator SOPs, a call of STOP (ABORT', REJECT) to reject a takeoff, based on stated criteria, will usually be able to be made by either pilot. However, in some cases, the actions following such a call will be only for the pilot in command to take, regardless of which pilot is PF.