The most likely scenario is when a bright visible laser light causes distraction or temporary flash blindness to a pilot, during a critical phase of flight such as landing or takeoff. It is far less likely, though still possible, that a visible or invisible beam could cause permanent harm to a pilot's eyes.

Yes, a laser can absolutely blind a pilot, and it is a major aviation safety hazard. When a laser pointer is aimed at an aircraft, the light does not remain a tiny dot; instead, the beam expands over distance. By the time it hits a cockpit windshield—which is often made of multi-layered plexiglass—the light scatters and reflects, filling the entire cockpit with a blinding, intense glow. This phenomenon, known as "flash blindness," is similar to the effect of a camera flash in a dark room and can last for several minutes. At lower altitudes during critical phases like takeoff or landing, this can cause a pilot to lose spatial awareness or be unable to read their instruments. In some cases, high-powered lasers can cause permanent retinal damage. Because of these dangers, pointing a laser at an aircraft is a federal crime in many countries, including the U.S., where it is punishable by massive fines (up to $30,000 per incident) and years in prison. In 2024 alone, the FAA reported over 12,000 laser strikes, highlighting the persistence of this dangerous and illegal activity.