There is a persistent historical myth that Napoleon’s troops used the Great Sphinx of Giza for target practice and shot off its nose, but this is historically inaccurate. Sketches of the Sphinx made by Danish explorer Frederic Louis Norden in 1737—more than 60 years before Napoleon arrived in Egypt—clearly show the Sphinx's nose already missing. Most historians believe the damage was likely caused by a 14th-century Sufi Muslim leader named Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr, who was reportedly outraged by locals making offerings to the Sphinx as a god and sought to "mutilate" its face as an act of iconoclasm. While Napoleon's 1798 campaign in Egypt was a military expedition, it was also a scientific and cultural mission that brought hundreds of scholars (savants) to document the pyramids and monuments. Napoleon actually expressed great admiration for the ancient structures and famously used them as a backdrop to inspire his troops before the "Battle of the Pyramids," stating: "Soldiers! From the tops of these Pyramids, forty centuries look down upon you."