Yes, most modern Transport for Wales (TfW) trains are equipped with air conditioning, though availability varies depending on the specific age and model of the carriage. The newer fleet, including the Class 197 Civity trains and the Class 231/756 FLIRT trains used on the South Wales Metro and long-distance routes, feature advanced climate control systems designed to maintain a comfortable temperature year-round. These modern units also include features like power sockets, digital passenger information screens, and improved accessibility. However, some older rolling stock still in service on certain regional branches might lack full air conditioning or rely on older systems that can struggle during extreme heatwaves. TfW's ongoing multi-million pound fleet replacement program is specifically aimed at phasing out these older, less comfortable trains. If you encounter a carriage where the air conditioning is not working, it is often due to a technical fault or a door being left open between carriages, which can disrupt the system's efficiency. Generally, passengers on major routes between cities like Cardiff, Manchester, and Holyhead can expect a modern, climate-controlled environment.