First, you must know basic math. The most common math skills pilots use are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. For example, you'll need to add and subtract to calculate weight. Second, you should know basic geometry.

Yes, pilots need a solid grasp of applied mathematics, though they do not necessarily need to be experts in advanced calculus or theoretical physics. During flight training, pilots must learn to perform "mental math" quickly and accurately under pressure. This includes calculating weight and balance (ensuring the plane isn't too heavy or lopsided), determining fuel burn rates (how much fuel is needed to reach a destination with a safety reserve), and performing unit conversions (such as gallons to pounds or Celsius to Fahrenheit). Navigation also requires geometry and trigonometry to account for wind drift and to calculate descent profiles (the "3-to-1 rule": 3 miles of travel for every 1,000 feet of descent). While modern cockpits are filled with computers and GPS systems that handle these calculations automatically, a pilot must still be able to perform them manually as a backup in case of equipment failure. Most commercial airlines and flight schools require a high school level of proficiency in algebra and geometry, but the "real" math of a pilot is focused on fast, practical arithmetic that ensures the aircraft remains within its safe operating envelope at all times.