Whether United Airlines considers a backpack a "carry-on" or a "personal item" depends entirely on its physical size and your ticket type. If the backpack can fit under the seat in front of you (max 9" x 10" x 17"), it is a personal item and is free for all passengers. However, if it is a large hiking-style backpack that must go in the overhead bin, it is a carry-on. This is a critical distinction for Basic Economy passengers, who are not allowed a carry-on and are restricted strictly to one personal item. If a Basic Economy traveler brings a full-sized backpack to the gate, United will force them to check the bag and pay a standard gate-check fee plus an additional $25 handling charge.