Typically, runways are constructed with a flexible pavement structure (asphaltic concrete pavement) or rigid pavement structure (Portland cement concrete). For pavement thickness design, each Service divides an airfield and the runway into different types of traffic areas, (e.g., Type A, Type C, Primary, or Secondary).

Airport runways are massive engineering feats designed to withstand the immense "impact loads" of heavy aircraft like the Airbus A380. A modern runway is typically over 2.5 to 3 meters thick and consists of several distinct layers. At the bottom is the Subgrade, which is native soil meticulously compacted to provide a rock-solid foundation. Above this is the Sub-base, made of crushed stone or gravel to help with drainage and load distribution. The next layer is the Base Course, often made of cement-treated aggregate for extreme strength. Finally, the Surface Layer is either high-strength concrete (rigid pavement) or hot-mix asphalt (flexible pavement). Concrete is preferred for "touchdown zones" because it resists the heat and friction of tires better, while asphalt is often used for the main length of the runway for its smooth finish and ease of repair. In 2026, many runways also incorporate "smart sensors" within these layers to monitor structural integrity and temperature.