Heating a historic limestone structure with 775 rooms is a massive logistical challenge, and Buckingham Palace utilizes a sophisticated "Combined Heat and Power" (CHP) plant to manage its energy needs. This system, which has been in place since the mid-1990s, works by converting natural gas into electricity, while the "waste heat" generated during that process is captured and used to provide hot water and space heating throughout the palace. This method is significantly more efficient than traditional boilers because it produces two forms of energy from a single fuel source, reducing both carbon emissions and reliance on the national grid. The heat is distributed via a complex network of aging pipes and radiators, some of which are being replaced during the ongoing ten-year "reservicing" project. To further improve efficiency, the palace uses a computerized Building Management System that monitors over 60 smart meters, allowing staff to target heating to specific occupied zones rather than warming empty corridors. Despite these modern upgrades, the palace's high ceilings and 760 windows mean it remains a drafty environment, often requiring the royal family to use supplemental electric heaters in their private quarters.