To break the sound barrier, an object must travel faster than the speed of sound, which is known as Mach 1. In standard atmospheric conditions (dry air at 20°C / 68°F at sea level), the speed of sound is approximately 767 mph (1,235 km/h). However, the speed of sound is not a fixed number; it varies significantly based on the temperature and altitude of the air. Because sound travels slower in colder, thinner air, a jet flying at a high altitude (around 35,000 feet) only needs to reach about 660 mph (1,062 km/h) to break the sound barrier. When an aircraft "pierces" this barrier, it creates a sudden change in pressure known as a sonic boom, which sounds like a massive explosion or a thunderclap on the ground. The first pilot to officially achieve this in level flight was Chuck Yeager in 1947, flying the Bell X-1. Breaking the barrier requires a specialized aerodynamic design to manage the intense "shock waves" and buffeting that occur as the aircraft transitions from subsonic to supersonic speeds, a challenge that famously plagued early 20th-century aviation engineers who feared the "barrier" was an impenetrable wall.