With basic runway lights and ILS installation, an aircraft can land at an airport. This type of approach requires as a minimum a visibility of 550 meters or more and a cloud base of at least 60 meters (200 feet) or above.
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(1) For day operations—1,000-foot ceiling and one-mile visibility. (2) For night operations—1,000-foot ceiling and two-mile visibility.
For single and twin engine airplanes the standard departure visibility minimum is one mile. Many pilots flying under Part 91 believe using the approach and landing minimum visibility as a takeoff minimum makes sense.
Since the minimum visibility needed for a manual landing is 550 meters (approx. 1,800 feet), pilots must rely on autopilot for the landing, according to Flight Deck Friend.
Pilots do NOT land their airplane when they cannot see the runway! However, Instrument Landing System (ILS) is a set of radio signals that will allow a pilot to line up on a runway that he cannot see. It will direct the aircraft to the end of the runway.
The hazards and effects of landing an aircraft on a runway without clearance are essentially the same as for a runway incursion. Increased risk of collision for one or more aircraft on the ground is the predominant concern.
IFR means a ceiling less than 1,000 feet AGL and/or visibility less than three miles. Low IFR (LIFR) is a sub-category of IFR. VFR means a ceiling greater than 3,000 feet AGL and visibility greater than five miles.
VFR cruising altitude rules in the US and CanadaIn the US, there are specific VFR cruising altitudes, based on the aircraft's course, to assist pilots in separating their aircraft while operating under visual flight above 3,000 ft above the surface (AGL) but below 18,000 ft Mean Sea Level (MSL).