In which direction does the passenger fall when a bus?
When a bus abruptly starts moving, the passengers tend to slide backward due to inertia, as the passenger's inertia tends to oppose the bus's forward motion. Hence, the passenger tends to fall back when the bus accelerates forward.
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Similarly, the passenger tends to fall backwards when the bus accelerates from rest because when the bus accelerates, the inertia of rest of the passenger tends to oppose the forward motion of the bus.
When a moving bus suddenly applies brakes, the passengers sitting in it fall in the forward direction. This can be explained by Newton's first law. This is true because of the law of inertia when the bus was moving with some constant velocity hence passengers will also move with the bus.
According to the law of inertia of motion, the body resists any kind of change in the state of its motion. When a man gets down from a moving bus his body has a speed equal to the speed of the bus and due to this speed, his body continues moving in the direction of the bus.
When a bus stops suddenly, its passengers tend to fall forward because due to their inertia the passengers tend to remain in a state of motion even though the bus has come to rest.
When a bus starts suddenly,its passengers tend to fall backwards because due to their inertia, the passengers tend to remain in a state of rest even when the bus starts moving.
This is because of inertia of motion. The part of our body, which is in contact with the bus, changes the direction of motion. However, the rest of the body tries to move in the same direction as before because of inertia of motion.
All engine driven trains are likely to start with jerks because many coaches are coupled and these couplings are not rigid as explained in detail in other answers by experts .
For trains the wheels and the rail are both steel, and the steel-steel friction coefficient is around 0.25. So the stopping time and distance will, at best, be three to four times greater than a car.