A single-pilot operator is a certificate holder that is limited to using only one pilot for all part 135 operations. That specific pilot is listed by name and certificate number on the FAA issued Operations Specification (OpSpec) A040.
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Part 121 is scheduled air carrier (airliners). Part 133 is external load (helicopter) operations. Part 135 is a set of rules with more stringent standards for commuter and on-demand operations. Part 135 operator rules govern commercial aircraft.
§ 121.481 Flight time limitations: One or two pilot crews.(a) A certificate holder conducting flag operations may schedule a pilot to fly in an airplane that has a crew of one or two pilots for eight hours or less during any 24 consecutive hours without a rest period during these eight hours.
§ 135.265 Flight time limitations and rest requirements: Scheduled operations. (1) 1,200 hours in any calendar year. (2) 120 hours in any calendar month. (3) 34 hours in any 7 consecutive days.
Aviation regulations state that two pilots are required onboard a commercial aircraft, but they don't typically state that two pilots must remain in the cockpit at all times. However, airlines are free to implement their procedures, above and beyond what the regulator requires.
IFR training is arguably the hardest training for a new pilot. There are a lot of moving parts. Your body goes through new sensations that you don't experience in VFR, and you have a much higher workload in the cockpit. You also have a significant amount of practical knowledge to learn.
The airline transport pilot licence (ATPL), or in the United States of America, an airline transport pilot (ATP) certificate, is the highest level of aircraft pilot certificate.
(e) No pilot may fly as a member of a crew more than 100 hours during any one calendar month. (f) No pilot may fly as a member of a crew more than 1,000 hours during any 12-calendar-month period.