The availability of toilets on trains in Japan depends on the type and class of the train, as well as the specific route. While many long-distance and high-speed trains, such as the shinkansen (bullet trains), are equipped with toilets, some local and commuter trains may not have them.

Yes, most long-distance and medium-distance trains in Japan are equipped with very clean, modern restrooms. This includes the Shinkansen (bullet trains), Limited Express trains, and many "Green Cars" (first class) on local lines. On the Shinkansen, you’ll typically find restrooms located in the vestibules between cars, often featuring heated seats, bidets, and emergency call buttons. Many even have separate urinals and larger, wheelchair-accessible units. However, short-distance local commuter trains and subways (like the Tokyo Metro) almost never have toilets on board. For these, travelers are expected to use the restrooms located inside the station gates, which are remarkably well-maintained. Always check the car icons on the platform or the train's display to see where the nearest "restroom car" is located.