The "19 Crimes" refer to a specific list of offenses that, starting in the late 18th century, were punishable by transportation to Australia rather than death. These crimes were largely petty and reflected the harsh social conditions of Victorian Britain. The list includes: 1. Grand Larceny (theft over 1 shilling), 2. Petty Larceny, 3. Buying stolen goods, 4. Stealing lead or iron, 5. Shoplifting, 6. Stealing from furnished lodgings, 7. Burning clothes, 8. Stealing letters, 9. Stealing fish from a pond, 10. Stealing roots/trees/plants, 11. Bigamy, 12. Assault with intent to rob, 13. Stealing a shroud from a grave, 14. Watermen carrying too many passengers on the Thames, 15. Clandestine marriage, 16. Stealing a boat, 17. Embezzlement, 18. Impersonating an Egyptian (associated with "Gypsies"), and 19. Being a "Rogue or Vagabond." These laws were designed to clear out overcrowded London prisons; once transported and serving their sentences, many convicts went on to build the foundation of modern Australian society.

The “19 Crimes” refer to a series of offenses that, if committed in 18th- and 19th-century Britain, could result in penal transportation to Australia. This punishment was used to alleviate overcrowding in British prisons and establish a penal colony in Australia. The specific crimes included:

1. Grand Larceny – Theft of goods above a certain value (typically one shilling or more).
2. Petty Larceny – Theft of goods below a certain value.
3. Buying or Receiving Stolen Goods – Possessing stolen property.
4. Stealing Lead, Iron, or Copper – Theft of metals.
5. Impersonating an Egyptian – Pretending to be a Romani person (considered a vagrancy offense).
6. Stealing from a Shipwreck – Looting goods from wrecked vessels.
7. Stealing Cloths – Theft of textiles or clothing.
8. Setting Fire to a House or Stack – Arson.
9. Assault with Intent to Rob – Violent assault aimed at theft.
10. Forgery – Creating or altering documents fraudulently.
11. Counterfeiting Coins – Producing fake money.
12. Embezzlement – Misappropriation of funds by someone entrusted with them.
13. Perjury – Lying under oath.
14. Robbery – Theft involving violence or threats.
15. Burglary – Breaking and entering with intent to commit a crime.
16. Sacrilege – Stealing from a church or sacred place.
17. Sedition – Inciting rebellion against the government.
18. Sodomy – Homosexual acts (historically criminalized).
19. Murder – Unlawful killing of another person.

These crimes were often punished harshly due to the severe social and economic conditions of the time. Transportation to Australia was seen as a way to remove criminals from British society while populating the new colony with laborers. Today, “19 Crimes” is also the name of a popular wine brand inspired by this historical period.