What are the 4s of tourism?

The 4 S's–sun, sea, sand, and sex–is a familiar catch-phrase from the colorful world of tourism studies that captures one of the most common understandings of the kinds of enjoyment that we are looking for (whether we want to admit it or not) when we travel on vacation.



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Cohen (1972), a sociologist of tourism, classifies tourists into four types, based on the degree to which they seek familiarity and novelty: the drifter, the explorer, the individual mass tourist, and the organized mass tourist.

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Most destinations comprise a core of following attributes, which can be character- ized as the four A's framework: attractions, access, amenities, and ancillary services.

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The table shows that there are four main motives which arise whatever the travel experience; Novelty Seeking, Escapism/Relaxation, Relationships and Self Development.

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The scope of tourism impact may be economic, environmental, social, cultural, or political.

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  • Exploration. In this first phase the destination receives few visitors, lured by natural attractions, such as pristine beaches; or by its culture, such as handicrafts or ethnic groups. ...
  • Involvement. ...
  • Development. ...
  • Consolidation. ...
  • Stagnation. ...
  • Decline or rejuvenation.


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Tourism destination comprises numerous elements such as Attractions, Amenities, Accessibility, Accommodation, Activities, Package price, Image & character and Human resources.

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Based on Maslow's (1943) five-level hierarchy of needs, Pearce (1988) proposed the TCL model, which lists five travel motivations associated with relaxation, stimulation, relationship, self-esteem and development or fulfilment.

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Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes.

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Recreational Tourism
Perhaps the most common type of tourism is what most people associate with traveling. This is when people go to a place that is very different from their regular day-to-day life to relax and have fun.

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The short-term negative impacts of tourism on residents' health are related to the density of tourist's arrivals, the risk of disease transmission, road accidents, higher crime levels, as well as traffic congestion, crowding, and other stressful factors.

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