Many GA aircraft are fitted with a variety of navigation aids, such as Automatic direction finder (ADF), inertial navigation, compasses, radar navigation, VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) and Global navigation satellite system (GNSS).
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So, for more than a decade, aviators relied on their compasses, crude maps (charts), and dead reckoning (the determining of position by using direction and speed data) for navigation. Dead reckoning in the air, however, was quite different from navigating on the earth's surface.
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If you are thinking about becoming a pilot, the maths component might be scary. Fortunately, there is no need to be concerned. All pilots, whether professional or recreational, generally only need to use a few basic maths skills – they are addition, subtraction, division and multiplication.
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Long before GPS was available for aircraft navigation, VOR stations guided aviators around the world. Although this technology is aging and many VORs are being decommissioned, VORs still play an important role in aviation.
When a VOR is decommissioned, it is replaced with a GPS-based intersection and GPS-based airways. Sometimes the DME is retained even if the VOR is removed.