According to ICAO Annex 6, the recommended minimum contingency fuel is the greater of 5% of the trip fuel or 5 minutes holding consumption at 1500' above destination airfield elevation computed based on calculated arrival weight.
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Pilots must plan for enough fuel to fly to the point of intended landing, considering wind and weather, and 30 minutes (day), or 45 minutes (night) thereafter. No alternate airport is required. Governed by FAR 91.151.
MINIMUM FUEL -- Indicates that an aircraft's fuel supply has reached a state where, upon reaching the destination, it can accept little or no delay. This is not an emergency situation but merely indicates an emergency situation is possible should any undue delay occur.
Appropriately called Basic Scheme, this scheme follows well-known and standard fuel/energy planning with 5% contingency fuel, at least one nominated alternate and 30 minutes of final reserve fuel/energy. The usual caveats apply, including all AMCs for Basic Fuel Schemes.
Given these requirements, every airplane operated under part 121 must have at least an additional 45 minutes of fuel at normal cruising fuel consumption. Poor weather conditions may require an operator to carry additional fuel.
The average rate of fuel jettison must be at least 1 percent of the maximum weight per minute, except that the total time required to jettison the amount of fuel to reduce the aircraft weight from maximum takeoff to maximum landing need not be less than 10 minutes.
Minimum Fuel indicates that an aircraft's fuel supply has reached a state where, upon reaching the destination, it can accept little or no delay. This is not an emergency situation but merely indicates an emergency situation is possible should any undue delay occur.
Instrument Flight Rules:Pilots are required to plan for fuel to a destination, to an alternate and after that for 45 minutes at normal cruising speed or, for helicopters, fly after that for 30 minutes at normal cruising speed.
Visual Flight Rules:Pilots must plan for enough fuel to fly to the point of intended landing, considering wind and weather, and 30 minutes (day), or 45 minutes (night) thereafter. No alternate airport is required.
What is the primary distinction between these different parts of the regulations? Part 91 applies to general aviation and non-commercial operations(civil aircraft). Part 135 applies to commercial on-demand operations(such as private jets). Part 121 applies to large-scale scheduled commercial air carriers.