They found that, compared with the general population, airline pilots had high prevalence of overweight and obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, insufficient physical activity, elevated psychological fatigue, insufficient fruit and vegetable intake, and regular alcohol consumption [28].

Long-term career pilots face several unique physiological and psychological health challenges due to their work environment. Circadian rhythm disruption is a primary issue, as frequent travel across time zones leads to chronic sleep deprivation and "jet lag" fatigue, which can impact long-term cognitive health. Physically, pilots are exposed to higher levels of cosmic ionizing radiation than the general public, which has been linked to a slightly increased risk of certain skin cancers and cataracts. The sedentary nature of the cockpit, combined with irregular "on-the-go" diet options, often leads to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic issues like Type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the constant "cabin pressure" changes and low humidity can cause long-term sinus issues and dry eye syndrome. Psychologically, the high-stress responsibility of passenger safety, combined with long periods away from family, can lead to elevated levels of anxiety or depression, which many pilots are historically hesitant to report due to strict medical certification requirements.