Positive Train Control (PTC) systems are designed to prevent train-to-train collisions, over-speed derailments, incursions into established work zones, and movements of trains through switches left in the wrong position.
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UITP defines Automatic Train Control (ATC) as a general class of ATP that is in charge of route setting and train regulation [12]. CBTC standards additionally to the terms used by UITP describe the term Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) that monitors trains and adjusts their performance to maintain schedules.
Train operators and conductors play distinct and important roles: Operators drive the train, while conductors make announcements, stick their heads out of the cab to give the operator the all clear, open and close the train doors, and interact with passengers directly.
It can be stressful at the best of times and when there are disruptions on the train network, controllers must keep a cool head and figure out solutions.
In most trains, a basic level of protection is provided by a dead man's handle or pedal. If the driver is taken ill and releases this, the power will be shut off and an emergency brake application will be initiated to stop the train.