Their growth is enabled by the presence of water vapor in the exhaust gases and ambient relative humidity greater than 100%. Unlike those clouds that form without any human intervention, contrails are a result of the exhaust from planes.
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Thus, these contrails indicate regions where there is strong wake turbulence caused by the aircraft in front of you that made the clouds. Heavier, slower aircraft make more intense wake turbulence.
While fuel dumps don't happen every day, they're also not uncommon. Nor do they usually represent a major emergency. In fact if an aircraft is taking the time to dump fuel before landing, that's likely an indication that the issue forcing the plane to land is serious but not critical.
While pilots can't actually see turbulence, they often know what is coming up, thanks to reports from other planes, weather reports, and radar equipment. However, clear air turbulence (severe turbulence occurring in cloudless areas) can sometimes catch pilots off guard.
Clear-air turbulence is usually impossible to detect with the naked eye and very difficult to detect with a conventional radar, with the result that it is difficult for aircraft pilots to detect and avoid it.
Contrails are human-induced clouds that only form at very high altitudes (usually above 8 km - about 26,000 ft) where the air is extremely cold (less than -40°C). Because of this contrails form not when an airplane is taking off or landing, but while it is at cruise altitude.