Boeing aircraft like 747, 777 and 787, and Airbus birds like A300; A330; and A350 are classified into the heavy aircraft category with a maximum take-off weight exceeding 300,000 pounds. Hence, these large aircraft leave strong wake turbulence.
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The term heavy is used during radio transmissions between air traffic control and any aircraft which has been assigned a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) rating of 136 tonnes (300,000 lb) or more.
Wake turbulence poses a major risk to other aircraft, so pilots and ATC use the term “heavy” in radio transmissions as a reminder that the aircraft's wake may be dangerous to others passing behind or below the flightpath of these larger-mass aircraft.
A Squawk 7700 indicates an emergency. This can be an emergency of any kind. Pilots may input it into the transponder themselves – or when instructed to do so by ATC. As a result, ground control will know that the aircraft is dealing with a serious issue and needs help.
Pan-Pan, short for “possible assistance needed,” is used to communicate an urgent, but not emergency, situation over VHF radio, in the case of aviation, to air traffic control. Examples could include a recreational pilot getting lost, or perhaps needing to climb to a higher altitude to sort a problem out.
The way air moves around the wings gives the airplane lift. The shape of the wings helps with lift, too. Weight is the force that pulls the airplane toward Earth. Airplanes are built so that their weight is spread from front to back.
The Boeing 757 is a mid-size, narrow-body twin-engine jet airliner that was designed and built by Boeing. The B753 is member of the B757 family of aircraft. Note: Common practice is to consider B757 as 'HEAVY' (H) for the purpose of assessing wake turbulence generated by this aircraft.
(In 1957, the English phonetic alphabet changed the R to Romeo, but by that time, Roger was deeply embedded in the minds of pilots.) So, in short, Roger means r which stands for received. The word Roger means nothing more.
Above this altitude the aircraft cannot fly fast enough to generate enough lift to stay aloft. This is affected by: weight (more weight needs more lift) engine power (more lift means more drag, that is overcome by engine power)
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A second officer or a flight engineer wears two stripes, a first officer (co-pilot/second-in-command) wears three stripes, and a captain, also known as a pilot-in-command, is awarded four stripes.
Pilots, also called captains, and co-pilots are essential for safe and timely air travel. Both pilots and co-pilots can help fly an airplane, and they typically have very similar responsibilities.