What happens if a flight is overbooked and nobody volunteers?

If there are not enough passengers who are willing to give up their seats voluntarily, an airline may deny you a seat on an aircraft based on criteria that it establishes, such as the passenger's check-in time, the fare paid by the passenger, or the passenger's frequent flyer status.



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First people that get bumped are the ones with seat assigned at gate. bulk/wholesale fares. non-revenue pax. people who are really late to check-in.

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Without sufficient volunteers, passengers (usually those with the lowest fares) must leave involuntarily when there is overbooking on a flight. Each must receive a written statement explaining how the carrier chooses whom to bump.

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Whether you're flying from New York or New Orleans, Lisbon or London, airlines continue overbooking to compensate for “no-shows” all the time. Simply put, they sell more tickets than they have available seats. And it's not an illegal practice.

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Overbooking flights in the US
Here's what you need to know: Only boarding denials due to overbooked flights are covered. US regulations are quite strict: passengers are only eligible for compensation if they are denied boarding due to the airline overbooking the flight in question.

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When you are involuntarily bumped from a flight, you can get cash (a check or credit on your credit card) from airlines. Overbooking is not illegal, and most airlines overbook their scheduled flights to a certain extent to compensate for “no-shows.” Passengers are sometimes left behind or “bumped” from a flight.

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When a flight has more passengers who are ready to fly than there are seats available, airlines must first ask passengers to give up their seats voluntarily, in exchange for compensation, before bumping anyone involuntarily. Airlines may offer passengers incentives, such as money or vouchers, to volunteer.

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The practice involves the airline asking for volunteers at the gate to give up their seat(s) on a reserved flight in exchange for another, later service, as well as monetary compensation and, sometimes, accommodation. Want answers to more key questions in aviation? Check out the rest of our guides here!

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And while overbookings are on the rise, they still represent only . 3 percent of every 10,000 checked passengers, according to the report.

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Airlines overbook flights to maximize revenue and ensure flights are full, as routine no-shows and flexible ticket holders contribute to empty seats. Volunteers are asked to switch flights when there are more passengers than available seats, as it is more cost-effective than flying with empty seats.

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Frontier Airlines bumped the biggest proportion of passengers of the 15 largest US carriers in early 2023. Of every 10,000 Frontier passengers, 3.73 were involuntarily denied boarding due to oversales, the DOT said. Allegiant, Delta, Endeavor, and Hawaiian didn't bump any passengers in the quarter, per the DOT.

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Most airlines intentionally overbook flights, selling more tickets than available seats for a journey. They do this in anticipation of people no-showing on the day of the journey, and the practice is not illegal. Travel experts have warned that as many as 150 tickets are sold for every 100 seats available.

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Here's a look at American carriers, starting with the worst for overbooking and descending to the best:
  • Spirit Airlines — 78 IDBs per million passengers.
  • Frontier Airlines — 55.
  • Southwest Airlines — 41.
  • Alaska Airlines — 28.
  • American Airlines — 24.
  • United Airlines — 13.
  • Delta Air Lines — 3.
  • JetBlue Airways — 2.


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Each carrier determines their own bumping criteria, but airline staff may choose to bump passengers who were last-minute check-ins, those who didn't make a seat selection when booking, those not at the gate 30 minutes before check-in, or passengers with low-priced seats.

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It's 400% for over four hour arrival delays with the same $1,550 limit. These are the amounts airlines must pay by law. They can pay more if they choose to. Airlines must offer the compensation at the airport on the same day.

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The DOT does not require the airline to offer compensation, but it doesn't hurt to ask.

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Overbooked Flights In cases where you are denied boarding due to an overbooked flight, some travel insurance policies may offer compensation for expenses incurred, such as rebooking fees, accommodation, and meals. Again, the coverage will depend on the policy you have chosen.

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The DOT requires airlines to ask passengers to volunteer to be bumped in exchange for compensation before beginning to involuntary bump passengers. If you're at the airport and your airline has noted that there aren't enough seats for every ticketed passenger, they'll ask volunteers to take alternative flights instead.

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Moreover, every airline in the United States overbooks its flights at least some of the time. All but one, that is. JetBlue Airways (JBLU 2.70%) is the one holdout that chooses not to overbook its flights -- to be more customer-friendly.

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A former flight attendant has warned travelers in the US not to take vouchers if they are ever involuntarily bumped from a full flight — because they're entitled to cold, hard cash.

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Overbooked flight compensation under US regulations
If the airline does not make any substitute travel arrangements for you, you are entitled to 400% of the one-way fare price, not to exceed $1,350 as well as any optional fees paid as part of your reservation (e.g. bag fees, seat upgrades, etc.).

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So the airline has offered you a voucher, which is perfectly legal, but you'd rather just have the cash. You'll need to proactively ask your airline for a cash refund in writing. The same goes for if you've booked through an online travel agency like Expedia. They are also covered under DoT rules.

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