In the event of an ejection, the catapult fires the seat up the rails, the rocket fires to propel the seat higher and the parachute opens to allow for a safe landing. In some models, the rocket and catapult are combined into one device.
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After ejection, a pilot will be given a full medical evaluation and it is down to that medical professional to advise whether it is recommended that the pilot continues to fly or not.
Despite the technology's progression over the decades, you're basically sitting on a small chair that has been rocket-propelled out of a malfunctioning aircraft, a parachute opens, you and the seat part company, and you land—hard. Legs may get broken, vertebrae may be compressed.
Fighter jet pilots do carry guns in case they have to eject or land in enemy territory. The type of gun carried depends on the mission and can range from a handgun to an assault rifle. Generally, fighter jets are equipped with either a 9mm pistol or an M4 carbine rifle for self-defense if needed.