What is landing distance required based on?

The ICAO definition for Landing distance is usually taken as the basis for the determination of Landing Distance Required (LDR) which is calculated by taking into account the effect of various influencing factors, including aeroplane mass and configuration including MEL-items, pressure altitude, wind, outside air ...



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An altitude of 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.

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In aviation medicine, the 1% rule is a risk threshold that is applied to the medical fitness of pilots. The 1% rule states that a 1% per annum risk (See also risk management) of medical incapacitation is the threshold between acceptable and unacceptable.

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As part of the testing of a new aircraft, the manufacturer must demonstrate that all passengers can be evacuated in a short amount of time when an emergency arises - within 90 seconds to be precise. If it doesn't comply, the aviation authorities won't approve its safety certification.

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The takeoff and landing distances can be significantly reduced by using high-lift devices such as flaps and slats. Good wheel brakes and reverse thrust (if available) are also crucial for minimizing landing distances.

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The 40:1 surface is calculated out to 22.09 nautical miles from the runway end within an arc of 180° centered along the runway centerline extended. These requirements are part of FAR Part 77.23(a)(3). This is TERPS criteria. The standard aircraft departure climb gradient (CG) is 200 feet per nautical mile.

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A general rule of thumb for initial IFR descent planning in jets is the 3 to 1 formula. This means that it takes 3 NM to descend 1,000 feet. If an airplane is at FL 310 and the approach gate or initial approach fix is at 6,000 feet, the initial descent requirement equals 25,000 feet (31,000–6,000).

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That's why pilots are taught the 1 in 60 rule, which states that after 60 miles, a one-degree error in heading will result in straying off course by one mile. Which means the lake you planned to fly over could turn out to be a mountain.

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Landing. While landing, speed is largely affected by the aircrafts current weight, commercial airplanes typically land between 130 and 160 mph (112 to 156 knots).

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For a predicted dry runway condition the AFM dry distance is factored (multiplied) by 1.67 to achieve the 60% Dry factored landing distance. This longer distance is compared to LDA.

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