14. The deepest station is Hampstead on the Northern line, which runs down to 58.5 metres. 15. In Central London the deepest station below street level is also the Northern line.
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Bakerloo, Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines. These are all something called a “Deep Level” or “Deep Tube” line. This means they're circular tunnels bored deep underground.
The Metropolitan line is the oldest underground railway in the world. The Metropolitan Railway opened in January 1863 and was an immediate success, though its construction took nearly two years and caused huge disruption in the streets.
It is easier and safer to dig at depth in London because of the nature of the soil and to avoid other infrastructure and the Thames. It also may result from the fact that London is quite hilly and trains don't like going up hills, so the tube goes through the hill. Some stations are above ground.
The four rail system was first used in the early twentieth century. The isolated traction current return allowed a train's position to be detected using DC track circuits, and reduced any earth leakage currents that could affect service pipes, telephone cables, or cast iron tunnel liners.
The Bakerloo, Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines are deep-level tube lines, with smaller trains running through two circular tunnels with a diameter of about 11 feet 8 inches (3.56 m), lined with cast-iron or precast concrete rings, which were bored using a tunnelling shield.
The Waterloo & City Line runs from Bank to Waterloo Station. It is known as The Drain. Used mainly by commuters to The City it usually does not operate on Sundays or public holidays. It is colour-coded turquoise on the Tube map, and is the shortest line on the system being only 2.37 km in length.