Over short to medium distances, walking or cycling are nearly always the lowest carbon way to travel.
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Air gets polluted when pollutants are released into atmosphere. Car, bus and bike releases smoke and some hamful gases to the atmosphere thereby causing air pollution. Bicycle is the only means of transport that do not release any pollutants.
If we take an overall view of the transport sector, 71% of transportation related carbon emissions come from road users, whereas only 1.8% of emissions stem from rail travel. So in absolute terms, trains are responsible for a lot less emissions than cars.
Trains are nearly always the winning option over moderate-to-long distances; If travelling internationally, going by train or boat is lower-carbon than flying; Electric vehicles are nearly always lower-carbon than petrol or diesel cars.
Mathews points to research showing that trains emit the lowest of CO2 per passenger mile at 177 grams per passenger mile. Buses come in at 299 grams per mile, second-worst only to cars at 371 grams.
Clean air benefits of electric trucks and busesIn addition to emitting no harmful tailpipe pollution, electric trucks and buses have significantly lower global warming emissions than vehicles powered by fossil fuels.
Public transportation gets people where they're going while emitting far fewer climate-warming greenhouse gases than private cars. The reason is simple efficiency: while cars usually carry just one or two people at a time, a bus can carry 50 or more, and a train in a large city may carry thousands.
Another reason why railroad transport is better than road travel is the fuel efficiency they offer compared to hiring vehicles. Railways can consume up to nine times less fuel for every ton they carry for a kilometer, making trucks fuel inefficient compared to railroad transport.
Taking the train or ferry works out to be around seven times less polluting than travelling by plane, according to various estimates. Travelling by train is slightly greener than taking the ferry, in terms of emissions.