Cleopatra (69 BCE–August 30, 30 BCE) was the ruler of Egypt as Cleopatra VII Philopater, She was the last of the Ptolemy dynasty of Egyptian rulers, and the very last Pharaoh of Egypt, ending a dynastic rule of some 5,000 years.

History generally recognizes Cleopatra VII (the famous Cleopatra) as the last active Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, reigning from 51 to 30 BC. Following her death by suicide (reportedly via snakebite or poison) to avoid capture by Octavian, the Roman Empire effectively took control of Egypt. However, technically, the final Pharaoh was her son, Ptolemy XV Caesarion, whom she reigned with as co-regent. Caesarion’s "reign" lasted only a few weeks after his mother's death before he was executed by Octavian to eliminate any potential rivals to the Roman throne. While later Roman Emperors (like Augustus and Hadrian) were sometimes depicted in Egyptian temples wearing Pharaonic regalia to appease the local population, they were Roman rulers, not "Egyptian Pharaohs" in the traditional sense. Thus, with the death of Caesarion in 30 BC, the 3,000-year-old tradition of the Pharaohs officially came to an end.