In general, the way such programs work is that the carbon impact of a flight is calculated, and a fee is then determined that can “offset” this impact, minimizing or zeroing out the carbon imprint of a passenger's flight.
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Many airlines, online booking sites, and standalone companies offer programs claiming to offset the greenhouse gas emissions of your flight with a small fee: usually less than $20.
Air travel accounts for approximately 2.5% of the world's CO2 emissions. By contrast, 18% of CO2 emissions come from animal agriculture and nearly 20% from deforestation. If we really want to reduce CO2 emissions, cutting out meat and putting a stop to deforestation would make much more of an impact.
The Burning of Fossil FuelsMost of the air pollution takes place due to the incomplete burning of fossil fuels. These include coal, oil, and gasoline to produce energy for electricity or transportation.