Performance in high-speed events, as in the case of sprinters, whether of short duration or prolonged, benefits from the less dense air encountered at altitude. In other words, the reduced air resistance more than makes up for the reduced pressure of oxygen.

Contrary to popular belief, people actually run slower in long-distance races at altitude due to lower oxygen levels, but they can run faster in sprints. In 2026, sports science emphasizes the "aerodynamic advantage" found at high altitudes (like Mexico City or Nairobi). Because the air is "thinner" (less dense), there is significantly less air resistance (drag) pushing against the runner's body. For a 100m or 200m sprinter, this reduced drag allows them to maintain top speed more easily, often leading to personal bests or world records that carry an "A" (Altitude) designation. However, for distance runners, this benefit is wiped out by hypoxia; since there is less oxygen available to fuel the muscles, the heart must work much harder, leading to faster fatigue. This is why many elite athletes in 2026 use "Live High, Train Low" protocols—living at altitude to boost red blood cell production but training at sea level to maintain the highest possible intensity without oxygen debt.