Many demographers have linked Spain's very low fertility rate to the country's lack of a family support policy. Spain spends the least on family support out of all western European countries—0.5% of GDP.
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The proportion of foreign citizens over the total population registered in Spain stood at 11.6% as at 01 January 2022. The Autonomous Communities with the highest proportion of foreign nationals were Illes Balears (18.8%), Cataluña (16.2%) and Comunitat Valenciana (15.3%).
Spain was plunged into an unprecedented constitutional crisis this month after judges blocked a law for the first time since the return of democracy. This young democracy was facing its first major upheaval since the illegal Catalan independence referendum in 2017 caused the deepest political crisis in decades.
Throughout the past two decades, Spaniards' attitudes toward immigration have been predominantly welcoming, especially in comparison to growing hostility in many other countries. Spain's economic downturn did not trigger increased animosity towards the foreign-born.