The law is that they are supposed to sound their horn at night when they are approaching the crossing UNLESS that specific area is a registered Quiet Zone.
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The intensity of sound will vary at night, sometimes louder and sometimes softer. It has to do with the height and strength of a temperature inversion just above the ground. On clear, calm nights, it is cooler at the ground than higher up.
Train horns may be sounded in emergency situaons or to comply with other railroad or FRA rules even within a quiet zone. Quiet zone regulaons also do not eliminate the use of locomove bells at crossings.
The reason for the different horn sequences are for other employees to know why the horn is being sounded, three short blasts, means the train is backing up, two long blasts means the train is going ahead. One long blast for stopped with the air brakes applied.
In the US, a train horn is to be blown before a grade crossing unless the area is designated a quiet zone and other mechanisms are in place to warn and stop road traffic. At other times, the horn can be used to signal that the train is going to start or back up or as a warning for people or animals on the track.
It is the standard signal used when the train is about to move forward. Two long blasts of the horn are for warning anyone near the train that it is about to move forward. There are other standardized horn signals like three short blasts for the train about to move backward.
Anyway, don't blame the engineer: They're required to blow that horn. The regulation in question is called the Final Rule on the Use of Locomotive Horns—a name that strongly implies they've had just about enough of your bitching—and it requires four blasts 15 to 20 seconds before every crossing.
Have you ever thought why trains blow their horns so often and so loudly? The truth is that they have to. And the main reason for that is safety. Locomotive engineers are required to honk every now and then, which is written down in the regulations called the Final Rule on the Use of Locomotive Horns.
In a quiet zone, railroads have been directed to cease the routine sounding of their horns when approaching public highway-rail grade crossings. Train horns may still be used in emergency situations or to comply with other Federal regulations or railroad operating rules.
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) rules require locomotive engineers to sound train horns between 15 and 20 seconds, but no more than a quarter-mile, in advance of all public grade crossings. Train horns must be sounded in a standardized pattern of two long, one short and one long blasts.
At night, the air near the ground can have a different temperature than air only a few hundred feet above1. This affects the transmission of sound waves. There is usually less ambient noise after dark, so the distant train sounds louder.
Under the Train Horn Rule (49 CFR Part 222, issued on August 17, 2006), locomotive engineers must begin to sound train horns at least 15 seconds, and no more than 20 seconds, in advance of all public grade crossings.
By 1938, the Association of American Railroads had adopted the long-long-short-long signal for rail crossings. But whatever the horn pattern, the goal is to warn people well in advance that a train is coming. In 2021, 236 people were killed at highway-rail grade crossings in the US.
Today, the only whistle signals you're likely to hear regularly are the grade-crossing warning (which is also often used to warn employees or others on the tracks); two (or three) shorts to indicate the engineer has received a signal to start the train forward (or backward); and one long blast when a train is ...
If you hear horn is being blown continuously, you have to understand that the train is passing through stations without any halts. This is to alert passengers. If you hear one long horn and one shorter horn, it means the motorman is signaling the guard to set the break pipe system before they start the engine.
Two short whistles mean that the engineer acknowledges that he or she heard or saw a signal that affects movement. Three short ones mean that the engineer intends to make a reverse movement. Two long, one short and one long mean trains are approaching a highway or street crossing. And the list goes on.
Modern diesel and electric locomotives primarily use a powerful air horn instead of a whistle as an audible warning device. However, the word whistle continues to be used by railroaders in referring to such signaling practices as "whistling off" (sounding the horn when a train gets underway).
Locomotive horns serve a utilitarian function and in North America with its wide open spaces, sparsely populated areas between cities and infrequent rail traffic (compared to Europe) a louder horn and more frequent blasting makes practical sense.
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) rules require locomotive engineers to sound train horns between 15 and 20 seconds, but no more than a quarter-mile, in advance of all public grade crossings.
Answer #1: It's a wave of communicating between the train driver and workers on the tracks to acknowledge that the driver has seen them. Answer #2: For safety reasons – to make sure the horn is working before you leave the station.