Airplane Mode turns off your device's ability to connect to cellular networks (meaning it can no longer send or receive calls or texts, or use data). As it is no longer accessing local cellular networks, it will not be charged roaming fees (caused by your device connecting to networks outside its home region).
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If you want to avoid roaming charges when you travel, you have a few options to consider:
Standard SMS messaging typically won't work in the air since you'll need a cellular network connection. But as long as there's Wi-Fi available on a flight, you'll have some way to communicate with people on the ground.
Why are airplane passengers asked to put their phones in airplane mode? Per the FAA website's Safety Information page, “The FCC and FAA ban cell phones for airborne use because its signals could interfere with critical aircraft instruments. Devices must be used in airplane mode or with the cellular connection disabled.
Most airlines will allow you to use your mobile phone in airplane mode once the aircraft reaches a safe altitude. Airplane mode disables the cellular, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth functionalities of your device, ensuring it does not interfere with the aircraft's communication and navigation systems.