Yes, you are absolutely permitted to eat and drink, including consuming alcohol, while traveling on the Shinkansen (bullet train) in Japan. Unlike local commuter trains where eating is generally discouraged, the Shinkansen is designed for long-distance comfort, and having a meal or a drink is a central part of the experience. Many travelers pick up an "Ekiben" (station bento box) and a can of beer or sake at the station before boarding. On most Shinkansen lines, there are also carts that sell snacks and drinks, including alcoholic beverages like highballs and local brews. In 2026, the high-end Gran Class cars even include premium snacks and alcoholic drinks in the ticket price. The only social rule is to be mindful of your volume if you are drinking with a group and to ensure you take all your rubbish with you when you deplane.