How do planes slow down so fast when landing?

Pilots can raise the spoilers to decelerate the airplane as it approaches the runway. And even while on the runway, pilots will typically leave the wing spoilers raised. Raised wing spoilers create drag, which essentially slows down the airplane so that it's able to brake more quickly.



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Sometimes aircraft operate out of shorter runways and, while the braking may seem harder than normal, it's what's required for that particular runway. Pilots sometimes brake harder than normal because they are trying to slow enough to take a particular taxiway exit from the runway.

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The first indication to passengers that a plane is descending is the reduction in engine power, but that might not mean the aircraft is slowing. The most comfortable and quiet way for pilots to reduce the speed of a plane during the stages of descent is to level off briefly.

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It's called a ground loop. When a plane lands the pilot has to quickly do two things to keep the plane going straight: get ALL the wheels tight on the ground, and use the rudder and to steer the plane straight. If there is a strong crosswind, it can be quite tricky to do this in a small plane.

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Airplanes can't reverse direction in midair. Rather, reverse thrust is used primarily to assist pilots in decelerating their airplane prior to landing. When engaged, it changes the direction in which air comes out of the airplane's engines, allowing the airplane to slow down in preparation of landing.

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Techincally, there is only one way for the aircraft to remain hanging motionless in the air: if weight and lift cancel each other out perfectly, and at the same time thrust and drag cancel each other out too. But this is incredibly rare. To stay in the air and sustain its flight, an aircraft needs to be moving forward.

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Ryanair has a reputation for hard landings and they are actually known for their rough approach style. This is because they try to get as close to the runway as possible and come in faster than most other airlines. This helps them save fuel and reduce their approach time.

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If anything goes wrong, the likely result is a runway accident, which can have deadly consequences. According to a study published by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, nearly half of all aviation accidents occur during the final approach or landing and 14 percent occur during takeoff or initial climb.

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If the runway is wet, slippery, or icy then it is normal to make a firmer landing. This will lessen the chance of skidding or hydroplaning and spin the tires quicker. In foggy, or even dark, conditions this is an issue too. It can be harder to judge distances visually and again a firmer landing can be safer.

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So that leaves the final descent and landing. They take up about 4% of the average flight, lasting twice as long as takeoff and initial climb. But a whopping 49% of fatal accidents occur in this short window, making the final descent and landing the deadliest part of an average flight.

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The aircraft flares just before touching down. It descends with a constant velocity, and just before touching down pulls the nose up to reduce the descent. This results in a higher angle of attack, more lift, and a vertical deceleration of the airplane.

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There could be issues with the mechanics of the jetway, or it could take a few times to line up properly with the aircraft door. Multiple aircraft could arrive at the airport at the same time and the ground crew cannot accommodate them all at the same time.

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These tiny holes, also called breather holes, serve as a safety function, by making sure that the outer pane bears all the air pressure (the pressure inside the cabin is much higher than outside). This also ensures that in case the pressure difference becomes high enough, it is the outer pane that breaks off first.

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If an aircraft is at a typical cruise altitude of 36,000 (which is 6 miles up) and loses both engines, it can therefore travel a forward distance of 60 miles before reaching the ground. Therefore, if such an incident occurs within 60 miles of a runway, the aircraft could potentially be landed safely.

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From a practical point, no, a modern airliner will not lose a wing due to turbulence. Modern airlines are very tough and designed to withstand extreme turbulence. In theory, it might be possible. But to my knowledge, it has not happened to any jet airliner.

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Almost all modern large aircraft are fitted with a traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS), which is designed to try to prevent mid-air collisions. The system, based on the signals from aircraft transponders, alerts pilots if a potential collision with another aircraft is imminent.

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In modern aircraft with modern avionics, the descent profile is automatically calculated by the computers. When prevailing winds are entered the flight management system can accurately determine the top of descent and the rate of descent that is required.

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