ICAO Doc. 4444 specifies standards for ATC communication. DEPARTURE is used for taxi-ing etc, and TAKE-OFF is used when actually taking off.
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Most pilots will typically introduce themselves and the cabin crew; state the aircraft type, flight number, and route, and remind passengers of the airline's seatbelt policy. Also, frequently given are the flying time, and the estimated time of arrival.
Roger simply means you have received the transmission. In other words, Roger is an acknowledgement of a transmission. Wilco is rarely used, but it means you have received the message and will comply, some old pilots combine the two in the redundant Roger wilco.
When it is used. According to the FAA, rotation refers to, When the wings are lifting the weight of the airplane off the surface. In most airplanes, this is the result of the pilot rotating the nose up to increase the angle of attack (AOA).
Shortly after takeoff you may feel a sinking sensation, that happens when the flaps are retracted, allowing the plane to accelerate. You may also hear the engines throttle back, sometimes ATC asks us to level off because traffic is above us.
There are two types of DPs, Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP), printed either textually or graphically, and Standard Instrument Departures (SID), always printed graphically.
The ICAO Phonetic Alphabet is meant to decrease risk and misunderstanding and improve communication between those involved in air travel. Many letters and phrases sound too similar, for example, the letters “p” and “b” may sound the same over the radio. So instead, pilots would say “papa” or “bravo”.
A second officer or a flight engineer wears two stripes, a first officer (co-pilot/second-in-command) wears three stripes, and a captain, also known as a pilot-in-command, is awarded four stripes.
The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall have final authority as to the disposition of the aircraft while in command. ICAO Annex 2, par. 2.3. 1, specifically empowers the PIC to override any other regulation in an emergency, and to take the safest course of action at his/her sole discretion.
During takeoff, air accelerated behind the prop (known as the slipstream) follows a corkscrew pattern. As it wraps itself around the fuselage of your plane, it hits the left side of your aircraft's tail, creating a yawing motion, and making the aircraft yaw left.