Rome is a safe place, 10pm is certainly not late, most people are still out eating dinner at that time and there are many tourists about.
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Rome: Anywhere in “central” Rome is safe. Prati is known to be the safest area of Rome, and it is residential to many affluent Roman families. Hotels and apartments near the Vatican, Pantheon, Campo de' Fiori, and Piazza Navona are in ideal, safe locations as well.
Taxis are a great resource in Rome. While not cheap, they are excellent to get from the airport to your hotel easily, fantastic to get home safely at night and a great way to get around if you have small kids or mobility issues. They are also an excellent alternative to using public transport in Rome at night.
Generally, I'd advice you not to walk alone in Termini (train station area) or Tiburtina (also a station) late at night. However, if you are staying in Rome's historic center, such as Via Veneto, or Campo de' Fiori, Spanish Steps area, Trevi Fountain area, or Trastevere, you should not be worried.
Romabbella's evening walkOnce the sun has set we advice you to take a walk in the most beautiful squares of the capital city: St.Peter's and Trastevere, Navona square, Pantheon, Trevi Fountain, Piazza Venezia, Isola Tibertina and the jewish ghetto.
Always beware of pickpockets, especially when travelling on buses, metros and public transport, but also when in line for something and when shopping in crowded places. Some bus lines are especially famous for the high number of robberies that happen there every day. For example, the 64 line is one of them.
And please, do not burp or fart in public, it is considered extremely rude. Also, loud swearing and drinking alcohol from a bottle while walking the street, is frowned upon. Most Italians like some alcohol, but usually avoid to get drunk. Public scenes of drunkenness are much less tolerated than in other countries.
Rome is notorious for its clever and persistent pickpockets. Everyone has heard a story of someone who went to Rome, and came back without their wallet or cell phone or another valuable.
The answer is yes! The Vatican City does not shut down after a certain time, or lock visitors out, so you are free to walk around the square at any time. However, it is worth noting that all the Vatican museums and St. Peter's Basilica will not be accessible after nightfall, and you may be disappointed by this.
The Vatican City is free to enter, allowing you to meander the likes of St. Peter's Basilica and St. Peter's Square without dropping a dime. However, if you want to see the Vatican's starring attractions: the Sistine Chapel and Vatican Museums, you will have to pay around 15 Euros.