What are the factors affecting aircraft performance during takeoff?

Pressure, temperature, and humidity have a great influence on aircraft performance because of their effect upon density. There is no rule-of-thumb or chart used to compute the effects of humidity on density altitude, but it must be taken into consideration.



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The most critical conditions of takeoff performance are combinations of: High gross weight. High-density altitude. Contaminated runways.

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Pressure, temperature, and humidity have a great influence on aircraft performance because of their effect upon density. There is no rule-of-thumb or chart used to compute the effects of humidity on density altitude, but it must be taken into consideration.

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  • Failure to adequately clear the area prior to taxiing into position on the active runway.
  • Abrupt use of the throttle.
  • Failure to check engine instruments for signs of malfunction after applying takeoff power.
  • Failure to anticipate the airplane's left turning tendency on initial acceleration.


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7.1 Takeoff Performance. The definition used by the Federal Aviation Administration for take-off includes the ground run from zero ground speed to the point where the wheels leave the ground, plus the distance required to clear a 50 foot obstacle.

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Actual landing distance is affected by various operational factors, including: High airport elevation or high density altitude, resulting in increased groundspeed; Runway gradient (i.e., slope); Runway condition (dry, wet or contaminated by standing water, slush, snow or ice);

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Rejected Takeoff/Engine Failure Circumstances such as a malfunctioning powerplant, inadequate acceleration, runway incursion, or air traffic conflict may be reasons for a rejected takeoff. Prior to takeoff, the pilot should identify a point along the runway at which the airplane should be airborne.

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In order for a plane to take off, it must be going fast enough for the wings to generate enough lift to overcome the force of weight. A Boeing 747 under standard conditions must be going 296kph (184 mph) to take off. Additionally, weather factors can affect the ground speed need for takeoff.

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If anything goes wrong, the likely result is a runway accident, which can have deadly consequences. According to a study published by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, nearly half of all aviation accidents occur during the final approach or landing and 14 percent occur during takeoff or initial climb.

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Pilot error is the number one cause of aviation accidents. Piloting an aircraft requires lengthy training, a knowledge of the mechanical components of an aircraft, and hand-eye coordination skills to effectively and safely maneuver an aircraft.

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