The primary off-season months in Japan are January and February, excluding the New Year holiday and major ski resort areas like Hokkaido and Nagano. During this mid-winter period, temperatures are cold, but the skies are often clear and sunny in major cities like Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka. Because it falls between the busy New Year season and the massive "Sakura" (cherry blossom) rush in late March, tourist numbers are at their lowest, and prices for hotels and airfare are significantly reduced. Another "shoulder" or minor off-season occurs in late May to early June (just after the Golden Week holidays) and in September (during the peak of the typhoon season). While summer (July and August) is hot and humid, it is still busy due to school holidays and festivals. For budget-conscious travelers who don't mind the cold, January and February offer the best value, shorter lines at major attractions like DisneySea or Universal Studios Japan, and a more "authentic" experience without the massive crowds found during the spring and autumn foliage peaks.