In tunnel engineering, various tunnel shapes are adopted [3], although the circular tunnel is usually preferred due to convenient construction and function layout requirements.
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In a relatively low stress environment, the D-shaped cross section can improve the stability of the tunnel, while it is not conducive to the stability of the tunnel in a high stress environment. The result of this study benefits the design and prevention of spalling and rockburst of hard rock tunnels.
A parabolic arch has been shown to support the weight of the rock above the tunnel much better. The arrangement of stones transfers the weight laterally around the tunnel to the rock below much more efficiently.
Determining tunnel shapes requires the consideration of various factors such as ground and groundwater conditions, usage, economic efficiency, and constructability.
1. -The Laerdal tunnel. With its 24.5 kilometers, Laerdal tunnel is the longest in the world, traversing several mountainous formations between Laerdal and Aurland, in western Norway.