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What is the main reason that lakes do not freeze from bottom to top?

If water were most dense as a solid, lakes would freeze from the bottom up, eventually freezing solid. In that case, little or nothing would survive in the lake. Most lakes and ponds don't completely freeze because the ice (and eventually snow) on the surface acts to insulate the water below.



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Since water is good at holding heat, the more water there is, the more heat it will hold. This is why large deep lakes take longer freeze and melt than small shallow lakes.

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Think of it this way: Shallower water allows more rapid mixed cooling to the freezing point of upper lake layers. This is why on any lake you'll usually see the near-shore shallow water freezing before more distant deeper water.

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Clearwater River freezes in a unique way Alaskan rivers also have the phenomenon, but for a different reason. Alaskan rivers freeze from the bottom up due to the permafrost. The Clearwater freezes from the bottom up in places where basalt is exposed.

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Because the ice acts like the glass in a greenhouse, the water beneath it begins to warm, and the ice begins to melt FROM THE BOTTOM.

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