It is widely estimated that there are approximately 30,000 castles and castle ruins scattered across the island of Ireland. This staggering number includes everything from fully restored luxury hotels like Ashford Castle to crumbling stone "tower houses" found in the middle of farmers' fields. The high density of these structures is a result of Ireland's turbulent medieval history, where local chieftains and Anglo-Norman settlers built fortified residences for protection and as symbols of power. While only a small fraction are "intact" or open to the public as major tourist attractions (such as Blarney, Bunratty, or Dublin Castle), the landscape is so densely populated with ruins that you are rarely more than a few miles from a historical site. These ruins range from the 12th-century Norman period to the more ornate 17th-century fortified houses, serving as a permanent, physical record of Ireland's long history of clashing clans and foreign invasions.