What happens if you fly without ADS-B?

You may fly without ADSB under the Class B or Class C shelf provided you remain outside of any Mode C veil. §91.225 tells you where you cannot fly. It says you cannot fly within the lateral boundaries of the Class B or C airspace or above the airspace.



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You may fly without ADSB under the Class B or Class C shelf provided you remain outside of any Mode C veil. §91.225 tells you where you cannot fly. It says you cannot fly within the lateral boundaries of the Class B or C airspace or above the airspace.

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ADS-B is required in Class A, B and C airspace within U.S. domestic airspace and all land mass regions of the U.S. as defined in 14 CFR 1.1 and it includes the states (contiguous and non-contiguous), U.S. possessions, or territories.

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For aircraft operating at or above FL180 (18,000 feet), you must be equipped with a Mode S-transponder-based ADS-B transmitter. For aircraft operating below 18,000 feet and within U.S. airspace, you must be equipped with either a Mode S transponder with Extended Squitter or a Universal Access Transceiver (UAT).

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It's also worth noting that if the transponder is switched off you generally only lose two pieces of information: the flight identification (mode A & mode S data) and altitude (mode C data). Primary radar will still paint a target (albeit unidentified) as long as the aircraft is within radar range.

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The regulation 14 CFR 91.225(e) allows aircraft not certificated with an electrical system, including balloons and gliders, not equipped with ADS-B Out to operate within 30 nautical miles of a Class B primary airport—basically, within its Mode C veil—while remaining outside of any Class B or Class C airspace.

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You may fly without ADSB under the Class B or Class C shelf provided you remain outside of any Mode C veil. §91.225 tells you where you cannot fly. It says you cannot fly within the lateral boundaries of the Class B or C airspace or above the airspace.

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Below 10,000 feet MSL (mean sea level): A transponder is not required unless the aircraft is within 30 nautical miles of a Class B airport. At or above 10,000 feet MSL: A transponder with altitude reporting capability is required.

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Pilots must be able to turn off transponders, and sometimes must turn them off for safety reasons.

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I often see military flights in the sky, which do not appear on FlightRadar24. I do understand that low-flying military airplanes do no necessarily get picked up by these trackers, and that some military aircrafts switch of transponders. However some flight do appear on this ADSB-Tracking website.

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Some high profile aircraft, such as Air Force One are not displayed. Most other aircraft subject to restriction are shown as anonymized by aircraft type.

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Both the Gulfstream G-650 and the Dassault Falcon 7X are capable of speeds of up to 685 mph. A Boeing 747 can reach a cruising speed of about 500 mph, making it far slower than the typical private aircraft. A commercial airliner's cruising speed, on the other hand, may be anywhere from 460 to 575 miles per hour.

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ADS-B ground stations are significantly cheaper to install and operate compared to primary and secondary radar systems used by air traffic control for aircraft separation and control.

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