Under 2026 FAA and international aviation regulations, the minimum safe altitude for Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flight is generally 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet when flying over congested areas (cities or towns). When flying over "other than congested areas," the minimum is 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas, where the aircraft must simply stay 500 feet away from any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure. These "Safe Altitudes" are designed to ensure that if an engine fails, the pilot has enough time and gliding distance to reach a safe emergency landing spot without endangering people on the ground. Pilots must also adhere to the "VFR Cruising Altitudes" rule: when flying more than 3,000 feet above the surface on a magnetic course of 0–179°, you fly at odd thousands plus 500 feet (e.g., 3,500, 5,500).